Potential Intermediate Hosts for Coronavirus Transmission: No Evidence of Clade 2c Coronaviruses in Domestic Livestock from Ghana
Identifieur interne : 000427 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000426; suivant : 000428Potential Intermediate Hosts for Coronavirus Transmission: No Evidence of Clade 2c Coronaviruses in Domestic Livestock from Ghana
Auteurs : Philip El-Duah ; Augustina Sylverken [Ghana] ; Michael Owusu [Ghana] ; Richmond Yeboah ; Jones Lamptey ; Yaw Oppong Frimpong ; Vitus Burimuah ; Christopher Antwi ; Raphael Folitse ; Olivia Agbenyega ; Samuel Oppong ; Yaw Adu-SarkodieSource :
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease [ 2414-6366 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
The emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. There is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus. The presence of coronaviruses, closely related to MERS-CoV in Ghanaian bats, presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through domestic livestock species. The possible interactions between livestock and bats in 31 household farms were accessed by observation and interviews with farmers. Rectal swabs and serum from cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and swine from commercial and household farms were tested for MERS-CoV and a
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010034
PubMed: 30744201
PubMed Central: 6473935
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Potential Intermediate Hosts for Coronavirus Transmission: No Evidence of Clade 2c Coronaviruses in Domestic Livestock from Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="El Duah, Philip" sort="El Duah, Philip" uniqKey="El Duah P" first="Philip" last="El-Duah">Philip El-Duah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sylverken, Augustina" sort="Sylverken, Augustina" uniqKey="Sylverken A" first="Augustina" last="Sylverken">Augustina Sylverken</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kumasi 00233</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu, Michael" sort="Owusu, Michael" uniqKey="Owusu M" first="Michael" last="Owusu">Michael Owusu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kumasi 00233</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah, Richmond" sort="Yeboah, Richmond" uniqKey="Yeboah R" first="Richmond" last="Yeboah">Richmond Yeboah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamptey, Jones" sort="Lamptey, Jones" uniqKey="Lamptey J" first="Jones" last="Lamptey">Jones Lamptey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong Frimpong, Yaw" sort="Oppong Frimpong, Yaw" uniqKey="Oppong Frimpong Y" first="Yaw" last="Oppong Frimpong">Yaw Oppong Frimpong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>cantwi@icloud.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burimuah, Vitus" sort="Burimuah, Vitus" uniqKey="Burimuah V" first="Vitus" last="Burimuah">Vitus Burimuah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-tropicalmed-04-00034">School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>raphfolitse@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antwi, Christopher" sort="Antwi, Christopher" uniqKey="Antwi C" first="Christopher" last="Antwi">Christopher Antwi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>cantwi@icloud.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Folitse, Raphael" sort="Folitse, Raphael" uniqKey="Folitse R" first="Raphael" last="Folitse">Raphael Folitse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-tropicalmed-04-00034">School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>raphfolitse@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbenyega, Olivia" sort="Agbenyega, Olivia" uniqKey="Agbenyega O" first="Olivia" last="Agbenyega">Olivia Agbenyega</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Agroforestry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>olivia_agbenyega@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong, Samuel" sort="Oppong, Samuel" uniqKey="Oppong S" first="Samuel" last="Oppong">Samuel Oppong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>kobbyoppong@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" sort="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y" first="Yaw" last="Adu-Sarkodie">Yaw Adu-Sarkodie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30744201</idno><idno type="pmc">6473935</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6473935</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6473935</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/tropicalmed4010034</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001160</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001160</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001160</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001160</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000211</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000211</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="RBID">pubmed:30744201</idno><idno 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Duah, Philip" sort="El Duah, Philip" uniqKey="El Duah P" first="Philip" last="El-Duah">Philip El-Duah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sylverken, Augustina" sort="Sylverken, Augustina" uniqKey="Sylverken A" first="Augustina" last="Sylverken">Augustina Sylverken</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kumasi 00233</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu, Michael" sort="Owusu, Michael" uniqKey="Owusu M" first="Michael" last="Owusu">Michael Owusu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kumasi 00233</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah, Richmond" sort="Yeboah, Richmond" uniqKey="Yeboah R" first="Richmond" last="Yeboah">Richmond Yeboah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamptey, Jones" sort="Lamptey, Jones" uniqKey="Lamptey J" first="Jones" last="Lamptey">Jones Lamptey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong Frimpong, Yaw" sort="Oppong Frimpong, Yaw" uniqKey="Oppong Frimpong Y" first="Yaw" last="Oppong Frimpong">Yaw Oppong Frimpong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>cantwi@icloud.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burimuah, Vitus" sort="Burimuah, Vitus" uniqKey="Burimuah V" first="Vitus" last="Burimuah">Vitus Burimuah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-tropicalmed-04-00034">Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>annan@kccr.de</email> (A.S.);<email>owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com</email> (M.O.);<email>oppongfrimpong1@gmail.com</email> (Y.O.F.);<email>vitus7uk@yahoo.co.uk</email> (V.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-tropicalmed-04-00034">School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>raphfolitse@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antwi, Christopher" sort="Antwi, Christopher" uniqKey="Antwi C" first="Christopher" last="Antwi">Christopher Antwi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>cantwi@icloud.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Folitse, Raphael" sort="Folitse, Raphael" uniqKey="Folitse R" first="Raphael" last="Folitse">Raphael Folitse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-tropicalmed-04-00034">School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>raphfolitse@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbenyega, Olivia" sort="Agbenyega, Olivia" uniqKey="Agbenyega O" first="Olivia" last="Agbenyega">Olivia Agbenyega</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Agroforestry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>olivia_agbenyega@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong, Samuel" sort="Oppong, Samuel" uniqKey="Oppong S" first="Samuel" last="Oppong">Samuel Oppong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>kobbyoppong@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" sort="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y" first="Yaw" last="Adu-Sarkodie">Yaw Adu-Sarkodie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-tropicalmed-04-00034">Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;<email>elduahphilip9@gmail.com</email> (P.E.-D.);<email>Yeboahrichmond82@yahoo.com</email> (R.Y.);<email>jlamptey80@gmail.com</email> (J.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</title><idno type="eISSN">2414-6366</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. There is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus. The presence of coronaviruses, closely related to MERS-CoV in Ghanaian bats, presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through domestic livestock species. The possible interactions between livestock and bats in 31 household farms were accessed by observation and interviews with farmers. Rectal swabs and serum from cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and swine from commercial and household farms were tested for MERS-CoV and a <italic>Nycteris</italic> sp. bat coronavirus, previously detected in Ghana. A pan-PCR assay to detect clade 2c viruses and recombinant immunofluorescence assay to detect anti-spike IgG antibodies against the target viruses were used. Likely contact between livestock and bats was determined for 13 farms (41.9%) that reported confining their livestock and also observing bats in their homes. Livestock were left unconfined on eight farms (25.8%) that also observed bats roosting in trees close to their homes. No viral RNA or antibodies against the two coronaviruses were detected in any of the livestock species tested. Cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and swine are not likely hosts of clade 2c coronaviruses.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woo, P C" uniqKey="Woo P">P.C. Woo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, S K" uniqKey="Lau S">S.K. Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Y" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K">K.-Y. Yuen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Groot, R" uniqKey="De Groot R">R. De Groot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ziebuhr, J" uniqKey="Ziebuhr J">J. Ziebuhr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, L" uniqKey="Poon L">L. 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Wilson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anti, P" uniqKey="Anti P">P. Anti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu, M" uniqKey="Owusu M">M. Owusu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agbenyega, O" uniqKey="Agbenyega O">O. Agbenyega</name></author><author><name sortKey="Annan, A" uniqKey="Annan A">A. Annan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Badu, E K" uniqKey="Badu E">E.K. Badu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nkrumah, E E" uniqKey="Nkrumah E">E.E. Nkrumah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tschapka, M" uniqKey="Tschapka M">M. Tschapka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong, S" uniqKey="Oppong S">S. Oppong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Y" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y">Y. Adu-Sarkodie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C. Drosten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Ghana</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" sort="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y" first="Yaw" last="Adu-Sarkodie">Yaw Adu-Sarkodie</name><name sortKey="Agbenyega, Olivia" sort="Agbenyega, Olivia" uniqKey="Agbenyega O" first="Olivia" last="Agbenyega">Olivia Agbenyega</name><name sortKey="Antwi, Christopher" sort="Antwi, Christopher" uniqKey="Antwi C" first="Christopher" last="Antwi">Christopher Antwi</name><name sortKey="Burimuah, Vitus" sort="Burimuah, Vitus" uniqKey="Burimuah V" first="Vitus" last="Burimuah">Vitus Burimuah</name><name sortKey="El Duah, Philip" sort="El Duah, Philip" uniqKey="El Duah P" first="Philip" last="El-Duah">Philip El-Duah</name><name sortKey="Folitse, Raphael" sort="Folitse, Raphael" uniqKey="Folitse R" first="Raphael" last="Folitse">Raphael Folitse</name><name sortKey="Lamptey, Jones" sort="Lamptey, Jones" uniqKey="Lamptey J" first="Jones" last="Lamptey">Jones Lamptey</name><name sortKey="Oppong Frimpong, Yaw" sort="Oppong Frimpong, Yaw" uniqKey="Oppong Frimpong Y" first="Yaw" last="Oppong Frimpong">Yaw Oppong Frimpong</name><name sortKey="Oppong, Samuel" sort="Oppong, Samuel" uniqKey="Oppong S" first="Samuel" last="Oppong">Samuel Oppong</name><name sortKey="Yeboah, Richmond" sort="Yeboah, Richmond" uniqKey="Yeboah R" first="Richmond" last="Yeboah">Richmond Yeboah</name></noCountry><country name="Ghana"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sylverken, Augustina" sort="Sylverken, Augustina" uniqKey="Sylverken A" first="Augustina" last="Sylverken">Augustina Sylverken</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Owusu, Michael" sort="Owusu, Michael" uniqKey="Owusu M" first="Michael" last="Owusu">Michael Owusu</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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